The present invention relates to a RNG Chip testing method comprising a test start-up phase starting a Final Test phase, a data collection step wherein frames of bit sequences having a length of 1024 KB, preferably 512 KB generated by the RNG chip are collected, a uniformity determining step comprising calculating the uniformity of the bit sequence according the following formula: formula (I), a comparison step where the determined uniformity is compared to a predetermined threshold, and a judging step judging whether the chip has passed or failed the test based on the result of the comparison step.
The present invention relates to an Entropy measurement method comprising the steps of a start-up phase comprising powering on the entropy source unity, a signal emitting step comprising emitting a quantum signal characterized by an overall noise made of classical noise and quantum noise, a noise measurement step comprising measuring the statistics of overall noise through active pixels upon illumination and the statistics of classical noise through non-illuminated pixels, a quantum noise calculation step comprising calculating the quantum noise based on the difference between the overall noise and the classical noise, an health check step comprising comparing the resulting quantum noise to an expected quantum noise and/or a predetermined threshold and a health control step controlling the entropy source unit based on the result of the entropy estimation step.
Some embodiments provide methods and apparatus for quantum random number generation based on a single bit or multi bit Quanta Image Sensor (QIS) providing single-photon counting over a time interval for each of an array of pixels of the QIS, wherein random number data is generated based on the number of photons counted over the time interval for each of the pixels.
The present invention relates to a lidar (1000) comprising an emitter (1100) and a receiver (1200), wherein the receiver (1200) comprises a discrete amplification photon detector (1210), wherein the receiver (1200) comprises a discriminator (1220), wherein the discriminator (1220) has an input connected to an output signal of the discrete amplification photon detector (1210), and wherein the discriminator (1220) is configured to output a signal indicating that the output signal of the discrete amplification photon detector (1210) is higher than a predetermined threshold.
G01S 17/18 - Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves wherein range gates are used
A receiver for recognizes blinding attacks in a quantum encrypted channel having an optical fiber. The receiver includes a multipixel detector having a plurality of pixels, and configured to be illuminated by a light beam outputted by the optical fiber. A processing unit connects to the multipixel detector and is configured to determine the presence of a blinding attack if a predetermined number of pixels detects light within a predetermined interval. The receiver recognizes blinding attacks in a quantum encrypted channel and implements a method for recognizing blinding attacks in a quantum encrypted channel.
The present invention relates to a quantum key distribution method 2000 for distributing a secret key over a quantum communication channel between a transmitter and a receiver, the method comprising the steps of: synchronizing S2100 a clock between the transmitter and the receiver, distributing S2200 the secret key from the transmitter to the receiver, wherein the synchronizing step S2100 comprises: a first transmitting step S2120 for transmitting a N-th bit of the clock from the transmitter to the receiver, a second transmitting step S2130 for transmitting acknowledgement of reception of the N-th bit from the receiver to the transmitter, a first checking step S2140 for checking if the N-th bit is a most significant bit of the clock, and an incrementing step S2150 for incrementing the value of N if the first checking step S2140 indicates that the N-th bit is not the most significant bit of the clock.
A device for single-photon detection comprising two superconducting detectors, a bias-current source, a filter element and a readout circuit. Each detector forms a detection area for absorption of incident photons and is connected in parallel; each detector being maintained below its critical temperature and provided with an electrical bias current situated close to and below its critical current so as to be maintained in a non-resistive superconducting state, and configured to transition, at photon absorption, from the non-resistive state to a resistive state due to an increase in current density within the detector above the critical current. The readout circuit senses a voltage change corresponding to the, allowing creation of an event signal for each absorption of an incident photon by a detector. The device includes a current-redistribution portion for redistributing current arising after absorption of incident photons so as to avoid increases in current density above the critical current.
G01J 1/42 - Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
H01L 39/10 - Devices using superconductivity or hyperconductivity; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof - Details characterised by the means for switching
H01L 39/16 - Devices switchable between superconductive and normal states
8.
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR QUANTUM ENHANCED PHYSICAL LAYER SECURITY
A quantum key distribution (QKD) system comprising: an emitter (110) adapted to generate a QKD free-space signal, a transmitter station (220) adapted to receive the free-space signal from the emitter (110), and a remote QKD receiving station (250) supporting a QKD receiver (160) located at a different location than the transmitter station, wherein the transmitter station is adapted to receive said free space signal from the emitter and to forward said signal through a fiber link (400) to the QKD receiver (160) in said remote QKD receiving station (250).
The invention relates to a IM bias voltage determining method adapted to determine an IM bias voltage corresponding to a desired Quantum Bit Error Rate based on the following formula
The invention relates to a IM bias voltage determining method adapted to determine an IM bias voltage corresponding to a desired Quantum Bit Error Rate based on the following formula
Q
(
V
IM
)
=
Q
0
+
R
err
R
err
+
R
cor
The invention relates to a IM bias voltage determining method adapted to determine an IM bias voltage corresponding to a desired Quantum Bit Error Rate based on the following formula
Q
(
V
IM
)
=
Q
0
+
R
err
R
err
+
R
cor
where Q(VIM) is the QBER dependent of the IM bias voltage VIM, Q0 is the optimal minimal QBER, Rerr is the number of erroneous detections, Rcor is the number of correct detections and VIM is the IM bias voltage.
The present relates to a quantum communication system for free space quantum key distribution. An emitter and a receiver, the emitter and the receiver are two points distanced by a free space quantum communication channel, the emitter being designed for wirelessly transmitting data to the receiver via said free space optical communication channel. The receiver includes an optical device capable of receiving the data within a predetermined field of view extending from said optical device toward the receiver. The system is characterized in that the emitter further comprises a light protecting device attached on said emitter. The light protecting device is configured to prevent any light coming from the environment beyond the emitter to enter within the field of view of the receiver. The invention further relates to a method for optimizing free space quantum key distribution.
H04B 10/00 - Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
A photon detection device having a high light detection efficiency. The photon detection device includes a first light reception part which receives a gate signal and outputs a first signal; a second light reception part which receives a gate signal and outputs a second signal; and a determination part which determines whether or not a photon is received, on the basis of the first signal from the first light reception part and the second signal from the second light reception part. The photon is incident on the first light reception part among the first light reception part and the second light reception part, and the breakdown voltage of the second light reception part is higher than the breakdown voltage of the first light reception part.
H01L 31/107 - Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier or surface barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiode
H01L 31/02 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS - Details thereof - Details
G01J 1/42 - Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
H01L 31/0232 - Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
12.
Method and device for recognizing blinding attacks in a quantum encrypted channel
The present invention relates to a receiver (2200) for recognizing blinding attacks in a quantum encrypted channel (1300) comprising an optical fiber, comprising a multipixel detector (2210) comprising a plurality of pixels, and configured to be illuminated by a light beam outputted by the optical fiber, and a processing unit (2220) connected to the multipixel detector (2210) and configured to determine the presence of a blinding attack if a predetermined number of pixels detects light within a predetermined interval. The invention further relates to the use of the receiver (2200) for recognizing blinding attacks in a quantum encrypted channel (1300) and to a method for recognizing blinding attacks in a quantum encrypted channel (1300).
An apparatus for enhancing secret key rate exchange over quantum channel in QKD systems includes an emitter system with a quantum emitter and a receiver system with a quantum receiver, wherein both systems are connected by a quantum channel and a service communication channel. User interfaces within the systems allow to define a first quantum channel loss budget based on the distance to be covered between the quantum emitter and the quantum receiver and the infrastructure properties of the quantum channel as well as a second quantum channel loss budget associated to the loss within the realm of the emitter system. The emitter system is adapted to define the optimal mean number of photons of coherent states to be emitted based on the first and the second quantum channel loss budgets.
Free-Space key distribution method comprising exchanging information between an emitter (100) and a receiver (200) based on the physical layer wiretap channel model, comprising the steps of randomly preparing (710), at the emitter (100), one qubit encoded with one of two possible non-identical quantum states, sending (720) the encoded qubit to the receiver (200) through a physical layer quantum-enhanced wiretap channel (500), such that an eavesdropper (300) tapping said channel is provided with partial information about the said states only, detecting and measuring (730) the received quantum states, key sifting (740) between the emitter and the receiver through a classical channel, calculating (750, 760) an amount of information available to any eavesdropper (300) based on the detected and received quantum states.
H04B 10/00 - Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
The invention relates to a QKD System Active combiner (200) adapted to be installed in a QKD apparatus, said QKD apparatus comprising an emitter (100), a receiver (110) and QKD systems (102/112), wherein the emitter (100) is adapted to send communication signals to the receiver (110) through the QKD System Active combiner (200), characterized in that the QKD System Active combiner (200) comprises an active attenuation system comprising a processing unit (230) adapted to automatically control at least one variable optical attenuator (150) through a control channel (290) in order to control an attenuation of a signal to be sent to the receiver, and a detector/monitor (240) adapted to monitor the intensity of the signal downstream the attenuation, and wherein the processing unit is adapted to control the variable optical attenuator (150) based on a QBER information or an intensity of a signal received by the receiver, sent by the QKD systems (112) through a classical channel (250).
H04B 10/079 - Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
The present disclosure in some embodiments provides a method and an apparatus for providing a quantum cryptographic key distribution stabilization, which can quickly and efficiently compensate for an error caused by a temperature change, a change in polarization of a transmission path of an optical system included in a quantum cryptographic key distribution system in a cost-effective manner working perfectly with the very conventional quantum cryptographic key distribution system.
The present disclosure discloses a random number generating apparatus capable of equalizing the spatial intensity distribution of light signals that are radiated from a light resource and are input to individual pixels.
The present invention relates to a measuring device (3000) for measuring reflection in an optical fiber (1400), the device comprising: emitting means (3100) connected to the optical fiber (1400) and configured to emit light into the optical fiber (1400), measuring means (3300) connected to the optical fiber (1400) and configured to receive a reflected light from the optical fiber (1400), wherein the measuring means comprises a first photon detector (3310) and a second photon detector (3311), wherein the operation of the second photon detector (3311) and/or the reflected light reaching the second photon detector (3311) is controlled based on an output of the first photon detector (3310).
The present invention presents a device and method for managing the performance of a quantum noise-based random number generator, the device ensuring the performance stability of a random number generator on the basis of an output value for each pixel, which is outputted in correspondence to an optical strength value of an optical signal emitted from a light source and inputted into each pixel, so as to be capable of outputting, within a certain range regardless of devices, a value of an entropic signal outputted from an image sensor, thereby enabling sufficient randomness to be continuously maintained while minimizing deviation between pixels.
G06F 7/58 - Random or pseudo-random number generators
G01J 1/20 - Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter by comparison with reference light or electric value intensity of the measured or reference value being varied to equalise their effects at the detector, e.g. by varying incidence angle
Apparatus and method for the detection of attacks taking control of the single photon detectors of a quantum cryptography apparatus by randomly changing their efficiency
An apparatus and method for revealing both attack attempts performed on the single-photon detector(s) of a quantum cryptography system and Trojan horse attack attempts performed on quantum cryptography apparatus containing at least one single photon detector. The attacks detection relies on both the random modification of the setting parameters of the said single-photon detector(s) and the comparison of the measured detection probability values for each setting parameter with the expected detection probability values. The modified parameter of the single-photon detector can be its efficiency or its timing of activation for example.
A method and apparatus for synchronizing a start-point of quantum data are disclosed. A method of determining a start-point of a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, at which a receiving apparatus of a QKD system starts the QKD protocol with a transmitting apparatus, includes receiving, by the receiving apparatus, an optical pulse sequence of a predetermined pattern from the transmitting apparatus, measuring, by the receiving apparatus, a predetermined quantum signal included in the optical pulse sequence, transmitting, by the receiving apparatus, a confirmation signal to the transmitting apparatus when the number of measurements of the predetermined quantum signal reaches a predetermined value, and determining, as the start-point, a point after one period of the optical pulse sequence from a point at which the number of measurements of the predetermined quantum signal has reached the predetermined value, or a point at which the confirmation signal has been transmitted.
The present disclosure in some embodiments provides an apparatus and method for supplying quantum keys to multiple apparatuses in a quantum key distribution system. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, an apparatus and method for supplying quantum keys enable Alice or Bob to deliver the quantum keys to the multiple transmitting apparatuses or receiving apparatuses, in real time without a delay.
A reconfigurable and timely accurate method of generating, with a low latency, an output signal in response to multiple input signals, wherein said input signals occur at independent times, and wherein the occurrence of several input signals according to predetermined pattern is interpreted as a Super Event and wherein a detected Super Event triggers the production of a specific output signal heralding this Super Event, characterized in that said method comprises a first step of time acquisition of the occurrence of said input signals, a second step of adaptation of the acquisition data flow to the clock of the reconfigurable processing unit, a third step of determining the occurrence of a Super Event by comparing the events pattern to the super event definition, a fourth step identifying the Super Event and generating at least one event/signal corresponding to at least one trigger signal, a fifth step of adaptation of the generation data flow to the asynchronous generation device, a sixth step of applying a predefined delay for the issue of the at least one trigger signal, and an seventh step of outputting at least one output signal representing a trigger signal and sending it to a downstream unit.
H04B 10/079 - Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
H04B 10/071 - Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using a reflected signal, e.g. using optical time domain reflectometers [OTDR]
24.
Method and device for optics based quantum random number generation
A method and device for generating random numbers based on an optical process of quantum nature. According to one exemplary aspect, the method includes randomly emitting photons from a light source and absorbing the emitted photons by a photon sensor having a plurality of pixels. Furthermore, respective minimum entropy levels can be calculated for each of the pixels of the photon sensor and a randomness extractor can be associated with each of pixels based on the calculated minimum entropy level of that pixel. After this calibration, the method and device generates a number of high-entropy bits used for generating a random number.
Cryogenic device comprising at least two chambers at two different temperatures, a first chamber at a first temperature T1 accommodating a sample, and a second chamber at a second temperature T2 greater than T1 and being adapted to accommodate a cooling device, said cooling device being adapted to cool wirelines connecting said sample to an external element detector, wherein said cooling device is an IMS thermalization plate comprising at least one wire-guide having an input for plugging a wire line connected to the sample and an output for plugging a wire line connected to said external element, said wire-guide being thermally connected to the first chamber.
F17C 13/00 - VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES - Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
F25D 19/00 - Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices
G01J 5/06 - Arrangements for eliminating effects of disturbing radiation; Arrangements for compensating changes in sensitivity
26.
Apparatus and method for providing eavesdropping detection of an optical fiber communication
A method for providing eavesdropping detection of an optic fiber communication between two users includes the steps of exchanging both data and probe signals through at least two channels (400, 500) between the users, exchanging probe signals (143) on one channel (500 or 400) between quantum probe signal terminals, extracting a key for authentication from the probe signals, and exchanging data signals (142) between transmission units on another channel (400 or 500). A first portion of the key generated by the quantum probe signal terminals is used to authenticate the terminals, wherein a second portion of the key is dedicated to define commutation occurrences of commutation devices adapted to commutate the use of the channels (400, 500) for data (142) and probe (143) signals, thus detecting an eavesdropping event (300) which triggers an alarm (750). A further portion of the key can be used to encrypt the messages.
H04B 10/25 - Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
H04B 10/07 - Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
G09C 1/00 - Apparatus or methods whereby a given sequence of signs, e.g. an intelligible text, is transformed into an unintelligible sequence of signs by transposing the signs or groups of signs or by replacing them by others according to a predetermined system
A method performed by a processor of a receiver of generating a secret key using a quantum communication, the processor execute the method comprising: performing a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol to generate a sifted key; performing a post-processing protocol based on the sifted key to generate a final key; counting the number of double click events when quantum signals are detected; and performing privacy amplification of the final key based on the counted number of the double click events.
H04B 10/85 - Protection from unauthorised access, e.g. eavesdrop protection
H04L 9/14 - Arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using a plurality of keys or algorithms
28.
Apparatus and method for allowing avalanche photodiode based single-photon detectors to be driven by the same electrical circuit in gated and in free-running modes
An apparatus and method for allowing avalanche photodiode based single-photon detectors to be driven by the same electrical circuit in gated and in free-running modes is proposed. The high-performance working of all the running modes relies on the capability of tuning the rise-time value of the electrical pulse driver which activates the avalanche photodiode in Geiger mode.
H01L 31/107 - Devices sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation characterised by only one potential barrier or surface barrier the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiode
H01L 29/74 - Thyristor-type devices, e.g. having four-zone regenerative action
H03K 17/0416 - Modifications for accelerating switching without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the output circuit
G01T 1/24 - Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors
H03K 17/74 - Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and -breaking characterised by the use of specified components by the use, as active elements, of diodes
29.
Method and apparatus for generating raw key using double buffering scheme in implementing quantum key distribution protocol
A receiver in a quantum key distribution (QKD) system includes a quantum optical unit configured to receive quantum signals from a transmitter of the QKD system, modulate the quantum signals based on a basis sequence, and output detection information by detecting the modulated quantum signals. The receiver further includes a signal processor configured to generate a raw key by using the detection information and the basis sequence based on a double buffering scheme.
A transmitter for generating and processing quantum signals in regular frame units in a quantum key distribution system, includes: a photon pulse stream generator to generate quantum information in numbered frame units and periodically transmit the quantum information through a quantum channel; a public channel transceiver to communicate with a receiver of the quantum key distribution system through a public channel; a frame synchronization information generator to generate frame synchronization information for frame synchronization of the receiver, and transmit the frame synchronization information through the public channel transceiver to the receiver, in every frame or every several frames; and a signal processor to transmit and receive open information on the every frame or every several frames through the public channel transceiver, and process the quantum information in frame units.
A permutation method for reconciling bit errors in a quantum key reconciliation protocol performing an iterative reconciliation process, includes: obtaining a bit string through a previous reconciliation step; and permuting bits in athe bit string obtained from a the previous reconciliation step before a subsequent reconciliation step by performing a linear modulo operation based on a length of the bit string and a length of a block for the subsequent reconciliation step.
A transmitting apparatus in a quantum key distribution system, includes: an optical interferometer to receive a single-photon pulse inputted from a light source and to provide two optical paths with a predetermined path difference, the two optical paths used for the single-photon pulse to pass through the optical interferometer; and an optical phase modulator to perform a temporal differential phase modulation of the single-photon pulse which has passed through the optical interferometer, wherein the single-photon pulse, after passing through the optical interferometer, has a probability distribution divided into two separate regions in time domain.
The present disclosure provides a method and an apparatus for removing biasing due to a signal source during random number generation. At least one embodiment includes a method, performed by a random number generation apparatus, for generating a random number having a signal source biasing removed, including: generating a raw bit string by sampling, at a predetermined cycle, a physical signal input from a signal source; and generating the random number by performing block partial sum or sequential partial sum on the generated raw bit string.
A random number generating includes a light source to emit a luminous flux having light intensity distribution symmetrical about a center axis, and a plurality of single-photon detectors arranged at an equal radial distance from an extending line of the central axis of the light source to generate a bit value of either 0 or 1 according to whether a photon is detected or not.
A computer device includes means for receiving a request for at least one random number; means for generating a message authentication code from the identifier and at least one random number to be transmitted; and means for creating a message for transmission, including the random number in plain text and the message authentication code. A random number distribution system includes the computer device; a communication network; and a receiver device connectable to the computer device via the network to transmit requests for random numbers to the computer device and to receive messages from the computer device.
H04L 9/32 - Arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system
H04L 29/06 - Communication control; Communication processing characterised by a protocol
A method is provided of generating and distributing secret random data. The method requires a plurality of participating parties each to own an identical private-key generation device and to request a random signal over a shared publication communication network. At each iteration of the method, the parties process the public random signal with the internal states of their secret-key generation devices using two functions, the output of the first function being generated secret random data and the output of the second function being a new internal state.
Apparatus and method for the detection of attacks taking control of the single photon detectors of a quantum cryptography apparatus by randomly changing their efficiency
An apparatus and method for revealing both attack attempts performed on the single-photon detector(s) of a quantum cryptography system and Trojan horse attack attempts performed on quantum cryptography apparatus containing at least one single photon detector. The attacks detection relies on both the random modification of the setting parameters of the said single-photon detector(s) and the comparison of the measured detection probability values for each setting parameter with the expected detection probability values. The modified parameter of the single-photon detector can be its efficiency or its timing of activation for example.
A quantum random number generation system includes a source of light output as a plurality of coherent states such that each state has an indeterminate number of photons, a photodetector arranged to receive the light output from the light source and to generate a photocurrent dependent on the number of photons in each coherent state, and processing circuitry connected to receive the photocurrent and arranged to convert it to generate a sequence of random numbers.
H04L 9/06 - Arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols the encryption apparatus using shift registers or memories for blockwise coding, e.g. D.E.S. systems
39.
Apparatus and method for adjustment of interference contrast in an interferometric quantum cryptography apparatus by tuning emitter wavelength
An apparatus and method are disclosed for maximizing interference contrast in an interferometric quantum cryptography system to detect eavesdropping by utilizing a tunable emitter station in communications with a receiver station via a quantum communications channel and a “public” communications channel. The tunable emitter station tracks and compensates for interferometer drifts by adjusting the interference contrast of the QC system to minimize or eliminate inherent perturbations induced into key bit transmissions. Tuning of the photo emitter's output wavelength is accomplishable using temperature and/or drive current adjustment of the emitter's tunable optical subsystem.
A method and apparatus for generating true random numbers by way of a quantum optics process uses a light source to produce a beam which illuminates a detector array. The detectors of the array are associated with random numbers values. Detection of a photon by one of the detectors yields a number whose value is equal to that associated with the detector. This procedure is repeated to produce sequences of true random numbers. The randomness of the numbers stems from the transverse spatial distribution of the detection probability of the photons in the beam. If the array is made up of two detectors, the true random numbers produced are binary numbers. The process can be sped up using an array having pairs of two detectors. Using an array having more than two detectors also allows generating true random numbers of dimension higher than two. The primary object of the invention is to allow generating true random numbers by way of a quantum optics process.
patents
